List of resources

Please let us know if you are aware of any resources you think we should add to this list. It would be even better if you would contribute a review of the resource (of a book or of a website) along with the suggestion. We will give you full credit for any contribution you make. See the Contribute Materials page.

List of contents

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Symbols

Book	Website/Electronic resource	Discussion forums
Journal	Electronic journal	PDF document
Video

A

Action Research

Starting points

Action Research Resources. A Web site at Southern Cross University (Australia) pointing to a number of action research Web resources, including: research mailing lists; an on-line course in action research; a full-text electronic journal; action research theses and dissertations (full-text and abstracts) and a collection of resource files on action research and related topics.
http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arhome.html

Dick, B. (1999) What is action research?
Available online at: http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/whatisar.html

Masters, J. (1995) The History of Action Research, Action Research Electronic Reader.
Available online at: http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arr/arow/rmasters.html

A beginner's guide to action research

http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arp/guide.htm

Action Research in Initial Teacher Education, by Moira Laidlaw
This Guide aims to give practical advice to student teachers who wish to embark on an Action Research enquiry. It is divided into four sections; the first is a guide to those aspects which need to be borne in mind throughout the enquiry; the second deals with individual aspects of the research; the third looks at a quality which always emerges with Action Research, that of collaboration; and the fourth constitutes some reflections by a P.G.C.E. student, Jonathan Jones (1990/91) about the process of working with Action Research. The guide is downloadable in four files in Rich Text Format.
http://www.bath.ac.uk/~edsajw/preserve.shtml

Action Research in Teacher Education
The home Web page for the University of Cambridge's Action Research in Teacher Education (ARTE) project. 'Action Research in Teacher Education is a partnership project between the University of Cambridge Faculty of Education and three secondary schools in East Anglia. It is the English branch of an international project involving higher education institutions and teachers from Holland, the USA and Russia. The purpose of the research is to investigate, with teachers and students, the emotional and social dimensions of teaching and learning. At the same time, the project is concerned with teacher development in schools through action research involving partnership with higher education.' The page provides links to further information about the project, a contact list, details of participants in the UK and abroad and to the research itself.
http://www.educ.cam.ac.uk:16080/arte/

Centre for Applied Research in Education
The website for the Centre for Applied Research in Education, part of the School of Education and Professional Development at the University of East Anglia, gives details of the Centre's research (variously including, in many cases, project outlines, summary and full text reports), publications, seminars and degree programmes. Links are provided to further sites relevant to educational research, including sites on action research. The Centre itself aims to foster field-based enquiry to improve educational policy and practice at all levels. It is international in its scope. Specifically, its Enquiry Learning Unit engages in explorations of professional work across all sectors.
http://www.uea.ac.uk/care/

Social and Organisational Learning as Action Research
The Web site of the Social and Organisational Learning as Action Research (SOLAR), an inter-disciplinary research and development team based at the University of the West of England. SOLAR specialise in new forms of action research and co-inquiry to support learning and change in complex social and organisational systems. Includes details on the project portfolio and PhD programme, newsletter, underpinning principles and action learning, and inquiry resource links.
http://www.uwe.ac.uk/solar/

Centre for Action Research in Professional Practice
Based at the University of Bath. The research interest of the Center is concerned with “approaches to action research which integrate action and reflection, so that the knowledge gained in the inquiry is directly relevant to the issues being studied; and in which there is increased collaboration between all those involved in the inquiry.”
http://www.bath.ac.uk/carpp/carpp.htm

Action Research
A quarterly refereed journal published by Sage. Action Research is international and interdisciplinary and acts as a forum for the development of the theory and practice of action research. The aim of the journal is to offer a viable alternative to dominant 'disinterested' models of social science, one that is relevant to people in the conduct of their lives, their organizations and their communities. The journal publishes articles on accounts of action research projects, explorations in the philosophy and methodology of action research, and considerations of the nature of quality in action research practice. The journal web site provides information about subscribing to the journal and submitting articles for inclusion in the journal as well as tables of contents for all journal issues.
http://www.sagepub.com/journal.aspx?pid=352

Educational Action Research
A refereed international journal published three times a year by Triangle Journals in the UK. It publishes a wide range of articles in action research and related studies, aiming to explore both educational research and practice. Tables of contents and abstracts of the articles are available from the Web site in html format. The Web site also has editorial information, subscription details and instructions for authors.
http://www.triangle.co.uk/ear/

Argyris, C., Putnam, R. and McLain Smith, D. (1985). Action science: concepts, methods and skills for research and intervention. San Francisco, Ca.: Jossey-Bass.

Argyris, C. (1993). Knowledge for Action: A Guide to Overcoming Barriers to Organisational Change. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Carr, Wilfred and Stephen Kemmis. (1986). Becoming Critical: Education Knowledge and Action Research. London: Falmer Press.

Heron, John. (Sept. 1996). Co-operative Inquiry: research into the human condition. Sage Publications.
This is the first book to provide a comprehensive account of co-operative inquiry: a way of doing research with people where the roles of researcher and subject are integrated. Co-operative inquiry is a distinctive and wide-ranging form of participative research in which people use the full range of their sensibilities to inquire together into any aspect of the human condition. This book offers both an extensive exploration of its theoretical background and a detailed practical guide to the methods involved. Topics covered include: a critique of established research techniques; the underlying participative paradigm of co-operative inquiry; the epistemological and political aspects of participation; different types of co-operative inquiry and the range of inquiry topics; ways of setting up inquiry groups and enabling their development; four kinds of inquiry outcome and the primacy of the practical; the main stages of the inquiry cycle, highlighting key issues for practice at each stage; special skills and procedures used for enhancing validity.

Ladkin, D. (2004) 'Action Research', in C. F. Seale, G. Gobo, J. F. Gubrium and D. Silverman (eds), Qualitative Research Practice. London: Sage. pp. 536-548.

Oja, S. N. and Smuljan, O. (1989). Collaborative Action Research: A Developmental Approach. London: Falmer Press.

Reason, Peter and Bradbury, Hilary (eds) (2001) Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice. London: Sage.

Whyte, W. F. (ed) (1991). Participatory Action Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Stringe, E (2004) Action Research : a Handbook for Practitioners 2 ed. London: Sage. Community-based action research seeks to involve as active participants those who have traditionally been called subjects This book provides a a simple but highly effective model for approaching action research The author describes a simple and effective model for approaching action research: Look - building a picture and gathering information; Think - interpreting and explaining; Act - resolving issues and problems-This revised edition contains summaries which provide a practical checklist for researchers and an appendix of electronic resources. Pbk p 0761917136 568 (SI)

Dick, B. (1999) What is action research?
Available online at: http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/whatisar.html

Masters, J. (1995) The History of Action Research, Action Research Electronic Reader.
Available online at: http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arr/arow/rmasters.html

Analytic Induction

Znaniecki, F. (1934). The method of sociology. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. This is the work that is the orignal that uses analytic induction.

Becker, Howard S. 1953 “Becoming a Marihuana User.” American Journal of Sociology 59:235-243. A classic study that used analytic induction.

Ratcliff, Donald E. (1994) Analytic Induction as a Qualitative Research Method of Analysis

Jack Katz (2001) "Analytic Induction," in Smelser and Baltes, (eds) International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. (PDF, 26 KB)

http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/katz/pubs/Analytic_Induction.pdf

Robson, C. (1993) Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers. Oxford, UK & Cambridge, USA: Basil Blackwell. A general text, but Chapter 12 contains a useful discussion of the structured approach, including analytic induction. You will need to get hold of the first edition to find this though. In the second edition, Robson revised this chapter and removed most of the discussion on analytic induction.

Robinson, W.S. (1951) 'The logical structure of analytic induction', American Sociological Review, 16: 812-18. Reprinted in: Gomm, R., Hammersley, M. and Foster, P. (eds) (2000) Case Study Method: Key Issues, Key Texts. London: Sage. pp. 187-195. The classic discussion of the process of analytic induction.

Archiving qualitative data

Corti, L, Foster, J and Thompson, P. (1995) Archiving qualitative research data. Social Research Update (10). URL: http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/sru.html

Corti, L, Foster, J and Thompson, P (1996) “The need for a qualitative data archival policy (Reprinted from Qualitative Health Research, vol 6, pg 135, 1996)” Qualitative Health Research, Vol.6, 1, pp. 135-139.

Hill, M R (1993) Archival Strategies and Techniques Sage, Newbury Park, London

Hinds, P S, Vogel, R J and Clarke Steffen, L. (1997) The possibilities and pitfalls of doing a secondary analysis of a qualitative data set. Qualitative Health Research, 7(3), pp. 408-424.

Jensen, L A and Allen, M N. (1996) Meta-synthesis of qualitative findings. Qualitative Health Research, 6(4), pp. 553-560.

ESDS Qualidata is a specialist service of the ESDS led by the UK Data Archive (UKDA) at the University of Essex. The service provides access and support for a range of social science qualitative datasets, promoting and facilitating increased and more effective use of data in research, learning and teaching. Data are typically acquired via the ESRC Datasets Policy that requires all research grant award holders to offer data collected during the course of their research for preservation and sharing through the ESDS.

Audio Recordings

Branley, D. (2004) Making and Managing Audio Recordings, In Clive Seale (ed) Researching Society and Culture (2nd edition), London: Sage, pp 207-223

Stockdale, A. (2003) Tools for Digital Audio Recording in Qualitative Research Social Research Update Issue 38 Department of Sociology, University of Surrey

Stockdale, A. (2003) An Approach to Recording, Transcribing, and Preparing Audio Data for Qualitative Data Analysis Education Development Center, Inc.

B

Biographical Research

Denzin, N.K. (1989), Interpretive Biography, Newbury Park, London: Sage. Short introduction by one of the originators of biographical approaches in social sciences.

Roberts, B. (2001) Biographical Research. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Wengraf, T. (2001) Qualitative Research Interviewing: Biographic Narratives and Semi-structured Methods, Sage Publications, London.

C

Case study, Structured approaches

Bromley, D B (1986) The case-study method in psychology and related disciplines, Chichester: Wiley.

Hamel, J, Dufour, S and Fortin, D (1993) Case Study Methods. London: Sage.

Kidder, L H (1981) “Qualitative research and quasi-experimental frameworks” in M. B. Brewer and B. E. Collins (eds.) (1981) Scientific Enquiry and the Social Sciences, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp.

Robson, C. (1993) Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers, Oxford: Blackwell. See chapter 12.

Stake, R (1994) “Case studies” in N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln (eds.) (1994) Handbook of qualitative research, Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage, pp. 236-247.

Stake, R. (1995) The art of case study research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Yin, R (1994) Case study research: Design and methods, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. See esp. Ch. 5. A short book but with useful chapters on analysis.

Gomm, R., Hammersley, M. and Foster, P. (eds) (2000) Case Study Method: Key Issues, Key Texts. London: Sage.

George, Alexander L. and Bennett, Andrew (2005) Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press. ISBN-13: 978-0-262-57222-4

Focusing on the Case in Quantitative and Qualitative Research. This website introduces an approach to social science data analysis for both qualitative and quantitative data, where the focus of the analysis is the ‘case' and the key analytical tool is comparison. The case may be a person, an organisation or a community. The site tackles methodological questions and provides a practical introduction to the use of computer software to assist in comparative analysis.

Content Analysis

Berelson B. (1952) Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1952.

Budd, R. W., Thorp R. K., and Donohew, L. (1967) Content Analysis of Communications. New York: Macmillan.

Carney, T. F. (1972) Content Analysis: A Technique for Systematic Inference from Communications. Winnepeg: University of Manitoba Press.

Franzosi, R. P. (2004) From Words to Numbers: Narrative, Data, and Social Science. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Gerbner, G., Holsti, O.R., Krippendorff, K., Paisley, W. and Stone, P. J. eds. (1969) The Analysis of Communication Content: Developments in Scientific Theories and Computer Techniques. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Gottschalk, L. A. (1995) Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior: New Findings and Clinical Applications. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Gottschalk, L. A., and Gleser, G. C. (1969) The Measurement of Psychological States Through the Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Holsti, O. R.(1969) Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Krippendorff, K. (2004) Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sag

Nissan, E, and Schmidt, K. eds. (1995) From Information to Knowledge: Conceptual and Content Analysis by Computer. London: Intellect.

North, R. C., Holsti, O. R., Zaninovich, M.G. and Zinnes, D.A. (1963) Content Analysis: A Handbook with Applications for the Study of International Crisis. Chicago: Northwestern University Press.

Neuendorf, K. A. (2002) The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Pool, Ithiel de Sola, ed. (1959) Trends in Content Analysis. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Popping, R. (2000) Computer-assisted Text Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Roberts, C. W., ed. (1997) Text Analysis for the Social Sciences: Methods for Drawing Inferences from Texts and Transcripts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Rosengren, K. E. ed. (1981) Advances in Content Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Riffe, D. Lacy, S. and Fico, F.G. (2005) Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Smith, C. P., ed. (1992) Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Stone, P. J., Dunphy, D. C., Smith, M. S. and Ogilvie, D. M. (1966) The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to Content Analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Weber, R. P. (1990) Basic Content Analysis. 2nd ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

West, M. D., ed. (2001) Applications of Computer Content Analysis. Westport, CT: Ablex.

West, M. D., ed. (2001) Theory, Method, and Practice in Computer Content Analysis. Westport, CT: Ablex.

Content Analysis
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/mmethods/resources/links/ca.html

Content analysis researchers at Univ. of Alabama
http://bama.ua.edu/~wevans/content/cchild_grey.htm

List serv CONTENT Internet mailing list
CONTENT welcomes discussion of the theoretical, methodological, and technological aspects of quantitative text and image analysis
http://bama.ua.edu/~wevans/content/cchild_grey.htm

Conversation analysis

Starting points

Antaki, C. (2005) An Introduction to Conversation Analysis
Available on line at: http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~ssca1/intro1.htm

Atkinson, J.M. and Heritage, J. (Eds.) (1984) Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Psathas, G (1994) Conversation Analysis : The Study of Talk-in-Interaction Sage, Newbury Park, London

Tannen, D (1986) Conversational Analysis. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Wooffitt, R (1993) “Analysing Accounts” in N. Gilbert (Ed.) (1993) Researching Social Life. London: Sage, pp. 287-305.

Other materials

Forrester, M.A. (2002) How to do conversational analysis: a brief guide
Available on line at: http://www.kent.ac.uk/psychology/department/people/forresterma/c8MF.pdf

Schegloff, E.A.
Available on line at: http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/schegloff/

An introductory online tutorial on CA transcription and analysis, by Charles Antaki:'He would welcome comments.

http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~ssca1/intro1.htm

Ethno/CA News

Information on Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis also at: http://www2.fmg.uva.nl/emca (this is an older version)

Transcription in CA

Atkinson, J. M., & Heritage, J. (1984).Transcript notation. In J. M. Atkinson & J. Heritage (Eds.), Structures of social action (pp. ix-xvi). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

DuBois, J.W., Schuetze-Coburn, S., Cumming, S., & Paolino, D. (1993). Outline of discourse transcription. In J. A.Edwards & M.D. Lampert (Eds.), Talking data:Transcription and coding in discourse research (pp. 45-90). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Edwards, J. A. (1993). Principles and contrasting systems of discourse transcription. In J. A. Edwards & M. D. Lampert (Eds.), Talking data: Transcription and coding in discourse research (pp. 3-32). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Edwards, J. A., & Lampert, M. D. (Eds.). (1993). Talking data: Transcription and coding in discourse research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Jefferson, G. (Ed.). (1992). Lectures on conversation (Vol. 1). Oxford,UK: Basil Blackwell.

Psathas, G. T., & Anderson, M. (1990). The “practices” of transcription in conversation analysis. Semiotica, 78, 75-99.

D

Datasets

Discourse Analysis

Coyle, A (1995) “Discourse Analysis” in G. Breakwell, S. Hammond and C. Fife-Shaw (Eds.) (1995) Research Methods in Psychology. London: Sage, pp. 243-258.

Edwards, D. & Potter, J. (1992) Discursive Psychology, London: Sage.

Hammersley, M. (2002) Discourse analysis: A Bibliographical Guide
http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/capacity/Activities/Themes/In-depth/guide.pdf

MacMillan, K. Discourse Analysis — A Primer
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/mmethods/resources/links/da_primer.html

Potter, J. (1996): "Discourse Analysis and Constructionist Approaches: Theoretical Background" In: John T.E. Richardson (ed.): " Handbook of qualitative research methods for psychology and the social sciences," Leicester: BPS Books.

Potter, J. and Wetherall, M. (1987) Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Sage. On discourse analysis.

Stembrouck, S. (2004) What is meant by "discourse analysis"?
http://bank.rug.ac.be/da/da.htm

Tannen, D. Discourse Analysis.
http://www.lsadc.org/fields/index.php?aaa=discourse.htm

Wodak, R & Meyer, M. (2001) Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Sage.

Wodak, R (1996) Disorders of discourse. London: Longman

E

Ethics of research

Finch, J. (1984). "It's great to have someone to talk to" Ethics and Politics of Interviewing Women. Social Researching: Politics, Problems, Practice. C. Bell and H. Roberts. London, Routledge: 70-87.

Mauthner, M. L. (2002). Ethics in qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Punch, M. (1986). The politics and ethics of fieldwork. Beverly Hills; London, Sage Publications.

StPierre, E. A. (1997). "Circling the text: nomadic writing practices." Qualitative inquiry 3(4): 403-417.

Thorne, S. (1998). "Ethical and representational issues in qualitative secondary analysis." Qualitative Health Research 8(4): 547-555.

Ethnography

Atkinson, P. et al. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of ethnography. London: Sage.

Brewer, J.D. (2000) Ethnography. Buckingham: Open University Press. A recent text with discussion of ethnographic analysis

Fetterman, D. (1998). Ethnographv step by step (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Grills, S. (Ed.). (l998). Doing ethnographic research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. (1983) Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London: Routledge. A classic, and well tried text. Contains discussion of analysis in ethnography.

Hine, C. (2000). Virtual ethnography. London: Sage.

Machin, D. (2002). Ethnographic research for media studies. London: Arnold.

Pink, 5. (2001). Doing visual ethnography. London: Sage.

Roper, J., & Shapira, J. (2000). Ethnography in nursing research. London: Sage.

Spradley, J.P. (1979) The Ethnographic Interview, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, Florida.

Stewart, A. (1998). The ethnographer method. Qualitative Research Methods series (Vol. 46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Taylor, S. (Ed). (2001). Ethnographic research. London: Sage.

Warren, C. A., & Hacjney, J. K. (2000). Gender issues in ethnographv. London: Sage.

Ethnomethodology

Poore, S (2000) Ethnomethodolgy - An introduction
Available on line at: http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/curric/soc/ethno/intro.htm

F

Field research

Bailey, C.A. (1996) A Guide to Field Research, Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, California.

Coffey, A. (1999). The Ethnographic Self: Fieldwork and the Representation of Identity. London, Sage.

Denzin, N. K. and Y. S. Lincoln (1998). Entering the field of qualitative research. Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln. London, Sage.

Emerson, R. M., R. I. Fretz, et al. (2001). Participant Observation and Fieldnotes. Handbook of Ethnography. P. Atkinson, A. Coffey, S. Delamont, J. Lofland and L. Lofland. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, Sage: 352-368.

Erickson, K. C. and D. D. Stull (1998). Doing team ethnography: warnings and advice. Thousand Oaks, Calif.; London, Sage Publications.

Gubrium, J. F. (1987). Analyzing field reality. Newbury Park, CA; London, Sage.

Hoonaard, W. C. v. d. (1997). Working with sensitizing concepts: analytical field research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.; London, Sage Publications.

Hunt, J. C. (1989). Psychoanalytic aspects of fieldwork. Newbury Park, Calif.; London, Sage.

Johnson, J. C. (1990). Selecting ethnographic informants. Newbury Park, Calif.; London, Sage Publications.

Kleinman, S. and M. A. Copp (1993). Emotions and fieldwork. Newbury Park, Calif.; London, Sage Publications.

Lee, R. M. (1995). Dangerous fieldwork. Thousand Oaks, Calif.; London, Sage Publications.

Manning, P. K. (1987). Semiotics and fieldwork. Newbury Park, Calif.; London, Sage Publications.

Rose, D. (1990). Living the ethnographic life. Newbury Park, Calif.; London, Sage.

Rossman, G. B. and S. F. Rallis (1998). Learning in the Field: An Introduction to Qualitative Research. London, Sage.

Sanjek, R., Ed. (1990). Field notes: The makings of anthropology. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press.

Schein, E. H. (1987). The clinical perspective in fieldwork. Newbury Park, Calif.; London, Sage.

Stewart, A. (1998). The ethnographer's method. Thousand Oaks, Calif.; London, Sage Publications.

Van Maanen, J. (1988). Tales of the Field: on Writing Ethnography. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Werner, O. and G. M. Schoepfle (1987). Systematic Fieldwork. Vol 2. Ethnographic Analysis and Data Management. Newbury Park, Sage.

Frame analysis

Bateson, G. (1972) Steps to an Ecology of the Mind. San Fransisco: Chandler.

Benford, R. D. and Snow, D. A. (2000) Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology 26: 11-39.

D'Angelo, P. (2002) News framing as a multi-paradigmatic research program: A response to Entman. Journal of Communication 52 (4): 870-88.

Frame Analysis
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/mmethods/resources/links/frames.html

Goffman, E. (1974) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organisation of Experience. New York: Harper.

Hastie, R. (1981) 'Schematic Principles in Human Memory' in E T Higgins, C P Herman and M P Zanna (editors) Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium on Personality and Social Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Heider, F. (1958) The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley & Sons.

Kelley, H. H. (1972) Causal Schemata and the Attribution Process. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

König, T. Frame Analysis: A Primer
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/mmethods/resources/links/frames_primer.html

Marcus, H. & Zajonc, R. B. (1985) 'The Cognitive Perspective in Social Psychology' in G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (editors) The Handbook of Social Psychology. New York: Random House.

Minsky, M. (1975) 'A Framework for Presenting Knowledge', in P A Winston (editor), The Psychology of Computer Vision. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Piaget, J. (1954) The Construction of Reality in the Child. New York: Basic Books.

Scheufele, D. A. (1999) 'Framing as a Theory of Media Effects', Journal of Communication 49 (4): 103-22.

Framework analysis

The National Centre for Social Research (NatCen). The largest independent social research institute in Britain.

http://www.natcen.ac.uk/

NatCen staff have developed the FrameWork analysis appoach and now have produced some software that supports the technique. See:

http://www.natcen.ac.uk/framework/index.php

Ritchie, J. and Lewis, J. (eds) (2003) Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers, Sage Publications, London.

G

Grounded Theory

Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss - founders of grounded theory

Books and papers

Bryant, Antony (2003). 'A Constructive/ist Response to Glaser' [25 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 4(1), Art. 15, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0301155. [Date of access: Dec 5th 2009]

Bryant, Antony. (2002) 'Re-grounding Grounded Theory'. The Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application, 4, 1, 25-42.

Charmaz, Kathy. (2000). 'Grounded Theory: Objectivist and Constructivist Methods'. In Norman Denzin & Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd. edition, pp.509-535). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Charmaz, K. (2006) Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage. A constructivist approach to grounded theory: data are not just found (or 'discovered'), they are constructed.

Charmaz, K. and Bryant, A (Eds) (2007) The SAGE Handbook of Grounded Theory. London: Sage. This is now available in a paperback version. Contents:

PART ONE: ORIGINS AND HISTORY
   GT in Historical Perspective Antony Bryant & Kathy Charmaz
   An Epistemological Account
   Discovery of GT in Practice Eleanor Krassner Covan
   Legacy of Multiple Mentors
   Living GT Susan Leigh Star
   Cognitive & Emotional Forms of Pragmatism
PART TWO: GTM AND FORMAL GT
   Doing Formal Theory Barney Glaser
   Essential Properties for Growing GT Phyllis Stern
   Evolution of Formal GT Margaret Kearney
   Orthodoxy versus Power Jane Hood
PART THREE: GT IN PRACTICE
   Grounding Categories Ian Dey
   Development of Categories Udo Kelle
   Abduction Jo Reichertz
   Sampling in GT Janice Morse
   Memo-writing in GT Lora Lempert
   Coding Judith Holton
PART FOUR: PRACTICALITIES
   Making Teams work in Conducting GT Carolyn Wiener
   Teaching GT Sharlene Hesse-Biber
   GT as a Tool for IS Research Cathy Urquhart
PART FIVE: GT IN THE RESEACRH METHODS CONTEXT
   GT and Situational Analysis Adele Clarke & Carrie Friese
   GT and Action Research Bob Dick
    Integrating GT and Feminist Methods Virginia Olesen
   Accommodating Critical Theory Barry Gibson
   GT and the Politics of Interpretation Norman Denzin
   GT & Diversity Denise O'Neil Green, John W. Creswell, Ronald J. Shope, Vicki L. Plano Clark
   Ethnography Stefan Timmermans & Iddo Tavory
PART SIX: GT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
   GT and Reflexivity Katja Mruck & Guenter Mey
   Mediating Structure and Interaction Bruno Hildenbrand
   Tensions in Using GT Karen Locke
   GT & Pragmatism Joerg Struebing

Clarke, A.E. (2005) Situational Analysis: Grounded Theory After the Postmodern Turn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Corbin, J and Strauss, A. (1996). Analytic ordering for theoretical purposes. Qualitative inquiry, 2(2), pp. 139-150.

Glaser, Barney. (1978). Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.

Glaser, B. G. (1992). Emergence vs. Forcing: Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis. Mill Valley, California: Sociology Press.

Glaser, Barney G. (2002). 'Constructivist Grounded Theory?' [47 paragraphs]; <http://www .qualitative -research.net/fqs -texte/3-02/3 -02glaser-e.htm> [Date of access: Dec 5th 2009]. September, Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 3, 3.

Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine. The original text on the grounded theory approach.

Goulding, C. (2002) Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide for Management, Business and Market Researchers. London: Sage.

Kools, S, McCarthy, M, Durham, R and Robrecht, L. (1996) Dimensional analysis- Broadening the conception of grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 6(3), pp. 312-330.

May, K A. (1996) Diffusion, dilution, or distillation?- The case of grounded theory method. Qualitative Health Research, 6(3), pp. 309-311.

Miller, S I and Fredericks, M. (1999) How does grounded theory explain? Qualitative Health Research, 9(4), pp. 538-551.

Morse, J.M., Noerager Stern, P., Corbin, J.M., Charmaz, K.C., Bowers, B.J. and Clarke, A.E. (2009) Developing Grounded Theory: The Second Generation. Walnut Creek, Calif.: Left Coast Press. Chapters are:

1. A History of Grounded Theory, Phyllis Noerager Stern
2. The Straussian Perspective, Juliet M. Corbin
3. The Glaserian Perspective, Phllis Noerager Stern
4. Leonard Schatzman and Dimensional Analysis, Barbara Bowers
5. Situational Analysis, Adele E. Clarke
6. Constructivist Grounded Theory, Kathy C. Charmaz
7. Issues and Future Directions in Grounded Theory Research, Janice M. Morse

Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Strauss, A.L. and Corbin, J. (2008) Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for developing Grounded Theory. (3rd. ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Good, clear, step-by-step introduction to the interpretivist version of grounded theory. The Third Edition includes real data to practise with qualitative software, such as MAXQDA as well as student exercises.

Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1997). Grounded Theory in Practice. London: Sage.

Strübing, Jörg (2008) Grounded Theory: Zur sozialtheoretischen und epistemologischen Fundierung des Verfahrens der empirisch begründeten Theoriebildung. 2nd Ed. VS Verlag für Sozialwischenschaften. In German, but some of the material on pragmatism can be found in English in Strübing's chapter in the Sage Handbook.

De Vreede, Gert-Jan, Jones, Noel & Mgaya, Rabson J (1998). 'Exploring the Application and Acceptance of Group Support Systems in Africa'. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15, 3, 197-234.

Turner, Barry. (1983). 'The Use of Grounded Theory for the Qualitative Analysis of Organizational Behaviour'. Journal of Management Studies, 20, 3, 333-348.

Videos

Workshop/lecture on Grounded Theory Method by Prof Tony Bryant. (September 15, 2009.) This 50 minute video examines the details of grounded theory, its history and some of the debates amongst its advocates. A near copy of the slides he uses is here or here. Tony Bryant is one of the editors of the Sage handbook on Grounded Theory (see above).

Websites

The Anselm Strauss site.
http://www.ucsf.edu/anselmstrauss/index.html

The Grounded Theory Institute
This site contains the Sociology Press website providing access to all the Grounded Theory books and publications of Dr. Barney Glaser and others, as well as links to other grounded theory resources on the web.

Grounded Theory Online; supporting GT researchers. This site offers to those who use Barney Glaser's Grounded Theory research method:

* tailored support to research students;
* support to PhD supervisors and research committees; and
* consultancy to industry, post doc and professional researchers

There are some pages on 'What is Grounded Theory?' and 'Getting Started'.

H

I

Internet and qualitative research

Hine, C. (2000). Virtual ethnography. London: Sage.

Mann, C., & Stewart, F. (2000). Internet communication and qualitative research. London: Sage.

Shepherd, Nicole (2003) Interviewing Online: Qualitative Research in the Network(ed) Society. In Association of Qualitative Research Sydney 2003, 17-19 July, 2003, Sydney, Australia.
Available online at: http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00001436/

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)

The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
http://www.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/ipa/

Smith, J.A., Flowers, P. and Larkin, M. (2009) Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research. London: SAGE.

Practical chapters on IPA

Smith, J.A. (1995) Semi structured interviewing & qualitative analysis. In: Smith, J.A., Harre, R. & Van Langenhove, L. (eds) Rethinking Methods in Psychology. London: Sage. An introduction to the thematic approach of the author’s interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Smith, J.A., Jarman, M. and Osborn, M. (1999) Doing Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In: M. Murray and K. Chamberlain (eds) Qualitative Health Psychology: Theories and Methods. London: Sage.

Smith, J.A. and Dunworth, F. (2003) Qualitative methods in the study of development. In: K. Connolly and J. Valsiner (eds) The Handbook of Developmental Psychology. London: Sage.

Smith, JA and Osborn, M (2003) Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In JA Smith (ed) Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Methods. London: Sage.

Smith, JA and Osborn, M (2004) Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In G. Breakwell (ed) Doing Social Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell. (pp 229-254)

Willig, C (2001) Interpretive phenomenology in Willig C. Qualitative Research in Psychology. Buckingham: Open University.

Discussion group

The e-mail discussion group enaables you to communicate with people interested in IPA- currently there are about 150 members. Send a blank e-mail to:
ipanalysis-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
Additional information about the service is available at http://www.egroups.com/group/ipanalysis

J

K

L

Life History

M

Manual Qualitative Data Analysis methods

Maykut, P. and Morehouse, R. (2001) Beginning Qualitative Research: A philosophical and practical guide, Routledge Falmer, London.

Ritchie, J. and Lewis, J. (eds) (2003) Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers, Sage Publications, London.

Memory work

Rachel Thomson & Janet Holland ((August 2005)" ‘Thanks for the memory’: memory books as a methodological resource in biographical research" Qualitative Research, Volume 5, Number 2 (August 2005), pp. 201-219, <http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=43A7B25CA0B6E60C9684>

http://www.sagepub.com/journalScope.aspx?pid=280&sc=1

The Image and Identity Research Collective (IIRC)
Available online at: http://www.iirc.mcgill.ca/method.html

Mixed methods

Video of a talk on Mixed methods research by Tony Onwuegbuzie, Sam Houston State University (about 1 hr 30 mins with slides).

Bazeley P (1999) 'The Bricoleur with a Computer: Piecing together Qualitative and Quantitative Data', Qualitative Health Research 9(2) 279-287

Bolden R & Moscarola J (2000) 'Bridging the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide', Social Science Computer Review 18(4) 450-560

Garcia-Alvarez E & Lopez-Sintas J (2002) 'Contingency Table: A Two-way Bridge between Qualitative and Quantitative Methods', Field Methods 14(3) 270-287

N

Narrative

Bruner, A (1988) “Life as Narrative” Social Research, Vol.54, pp. 11-32.

Bruner, A. (1991). “The narrative construction of reality”. Critical Inquiry, 18, 1-21.

Crossley, M (2000) Introducing Narrative Psychology: self, trauma and the construction of meaning. Buckingham, Open University Press.

Czarniawska, B (1998) A Narrative Approach to Organizational Studies. London: Sage.

Giele, J. Z., & Elder Jr., G. H. (1998). Methods of Life Course Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. London: Sage.

Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative Research: Reading, Analysis and Interpretation. London: Sage. Examines a wide range of narrative and biographical techniques with extended examples.

Mishler, E. G. (1986). The analysis of interview narratives. In T. R. Sarbin (Ed.), Narrative Psychology (pp. 233-255). New York: Praeger.

Polkinghorne, D E (1988) Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany, NY: State of New York University Press.

Riessman, C. K. (1993) Narrative Analysis, Newbury Park, London: Sage. A readable summary of narrative approaches.

Sarbin, T R (Ed.) (1986) Narrative Psychology. New York: Praeger.

Torode, B. (1998) Narrative analysis using Code-A-Text. Qualitative Health Research, 8(3), pp. 414-432.

Narrative Inquiry
A twice yearly peer reviewed journal published by John Benjamins Publishing Co. It is the continuation of the Journal of Narrative and Life History. The journal is "devoted to providing a forum for theoretical, empirical, and methodological work on narrative. Articles appearing in Narrative Inquiry draw upon a variety of approaches and methodologies in the study of narrative as a way to give contour to experience, tradition, and values to next generations. Particular emphasis is placed on theoretical approaches to narrative and the analysis of narratives in human interaction, including those practiced by researchers in psychology, linguistics and related disciplines". The website provides information about the editorial board, subject coverage and subscription information. Tables of Contents are also provided.
http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_seriesview.cgi?series=NI

Centre for Narrative Research
Based at the University of East London, UK, the Centre brings together "work on narrative that is being pursued in a variety of contexts across the social sciences". It supports research on spoken, written and visual narratives, drawing on psychological, sociological, anthropological and cultural research traditions. The website includes a link to the Centre's narrative research e-list, the full text of the Centre's newsletters, information about short courses and seminar programmes and links to abstracts and full text of papers produced by members and associates of the Centre.
http://www.uel.ac.uk/cnr/index.htm

Nud*ist

QSR have produced a Getting started guide for N6. Available as a pdf.

NVivo

Ann Lewins & Christina Silver (2007) Using Software in Qualitative Research: A Step-by-Step Guide, Sage Publications, London. Contains step-by-step guides for NVivo 7, along with other programs

Bazeley, P. (2007) Qualitative Data Analysis with NVivo. London: Sage. Covers version 7.

Gibbs, G.R. (2007) Analyzing qualitative data. London: Sage. Part of the Qualitative Research Kit, ed. U. Flick. Contains step-by-step guides for NVivo 7.

QSR have produced a Getting started guide for NVivo 8. Available as a pdf.

Stanford University Libraries and Academic Information Resources has a brief introduction to NVivo v.8. A pdf doc

An Introduction to NVivo7 for Qualitative Data Analysis is an hour long video by Marie-Hélène Paré. Sadly, the resolution is rather poor, but you can download the presentation slides from here.

Bazeley, P. and Richards, L. (2000) The NVivo Qualitative Project Book, Sage Publications, London. Covers NVivo versions 1 and 2.

Gibbs, G. (2002) Qualitative Data Analysis: Explorations with NVivo. Open University Press, Buckingham, England. Covers NVivo versions 1 and 2.

Morse, J. and Richards, L. (2002) Readme First for a User's Guide to Qualitative Methods, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Covers NVivo versions 1 and 2.

Lyn Richards has written an NVivo tutorial to accompany her book: Richards, L. (2005) Handling Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide, London, Sage. Covers NVivo versions 1 and 2.

NVivo 2 tutorial "An Introduction to Analysing Qualitative Data Using NVivo 2.0 by Tracy Panther, Oxford Brookes University Business. A pdf doc. Covers NVivo versions 1 and 2.

NVivo 2 tutorial by Akos Rona-Tas, University of California, San Diego. A pdf doc. Covers NVivo versions 1 and 2.

QSR have produced a Getting started guide for NVivo 2. Available as a pdf. Covers NVivo versions 1 and 2.

Stanford University Libraries and Academic Information Resources has a brief introduction to NVivo v.2. A pdf doc. Covers NVivo versions 1 and 2.

O

Observational research

http://writing.colostate.edu/references/research/observe/index.cfm

P

PhD

For some help on undertaking or supervising a PhD see:

Delamont, S., Atkinson, P. and Parry, O. (1997) Supervising the PhD: A guide to success. The Society for Research into Higher Education and Open University Press, Buckingham.

The UK GRAD Programme (now part of the Vitae website) is a resource for postgraduate researchers. Useful pages include the 'Just for Postgrads' with tips for managing your PhD, 'What Do PhDs Do?' provides statistics on UK PhD graduates employment. A handy planner has been produced to help you plan your PhD called 'Planning a Doctorate: Schedule for Success'. You need to email the UK GRAD programme to get a copy.

Phenomenography

Starting points

A good reference, to get started, is an article by Marton:
Marton, F. (1981) Phenomenography - describing conceptions of the world around us. Instructional Science, 10, 177-200.

Biorn Hasselgren, from Gothenburg, has some excellent pages about phenomenography at his "Land of Phenomenography" site.

Gerber, Rod; Bruce, Christine, Phenomenographic Research: An Annotated Bibliography (3rd edition)
Originally published in 1995, at the Centre for Applied Environmental and Social Educational Research, Queensland University of Technology, this is the third edition of a bibliography by Christine Bruce and Rod Gerber on phenomenographic research. The bibliography contains over one hundred and fifty citations, almost all of which are annotated, listed alphabetically and by subject.

http://sky.fit.qut.edu.au/~bruce/anabib/title.php

Phenomenology

Starting points

Entry on Phenomenology in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by David Woodruff Smith
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/#1

Dicusses the philosophical foundation and includes an annotated bibliography.

Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology Inc
The Website of the Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology, an international organisation based in Florida, USA. The aim is "to foster, extend, and deepen phenomenology and kindred continental thought in philosophy, the social sciences, and the humanities wherever it can". The site is divided into a number of sections dealing with different aspects of phenomenology, including its history, major thinkers, societies and a regularly updated conference diary.
http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/

Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences
Combines research papers and pre-prints with bibliographic resources that bear on the connections between phenomenology and the cognitive sciences. There are guides to the work of individual phenomenologists, links to related institutions and information on the members of the Research Group on Integrating Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences.
http://www.philosophy.ucf.edu/pcs/

The journal, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences

Phenomenology Online
The website is provided by Dr Max Van Manen of the University of Alberta in Canada. The site “provides public access to articles, monographs, and other materials discussing and exemplifying phenomenological research.”
http://www.phenomenologyonline.com

Max van Manen's homepage containing information about his books, articles, teaching, projects and TEXTORIUM: 60+ phenomenological papers.

Husserl.net
Open content source of Husserl's writings and commentary. (Online)
http://www.husserl.net/

Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology
Information about phenomenology, centered at Florida Atlantic University. (Online)
http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/

Cohen, M., Kahn, D. & Steeves, R (2000) Hermeneutic Phenomenological Research: A practical guide for nurse researchers. London: Sage

Kvale, S. (1983) The Qualitative Research Interview: A phenomenological and a hermeneutic mode of understanding. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 14(2), pp. 171-196.

Kvale, S. (1996) Interviews - an introduction to qualitative research interviewing. London. Sage

Giorgi, A (1985) Phenomenology and psychological research. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquense University Press.

A good summary of this approach is in:

Giorgi, A. and Giorgi, B. (2003) 'Phenomenology', in J. A. Smith (ed), Qualitative Psychology: A practical guide to research methods. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage. pp. 25-50.

Moustakas, C (1994) Phenomenological Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Polkinhorne, D E (1989) “Phenomenological research methods” in R. S. Valle and S. Halling (Eds.) (1989) Existential-phenomenological perspectives in psychology. New York: Plenum, pp. 41-60.

Smith, J. (1995) “Semi-structured interview and qualitative analysis” in Smith, J., Harré, R. & Langenhove, L. Van (eds), Rethinking Methods in Psychology. London: Sage.

vanManen, M. (1997) “From meaning to method”. Qualitative Health Research, 7(3), pp. 345-369.

Philosophy

Smith, D.W., (2003) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html

Q

QCA - Qualitative Comparative Analysis

General References:

Ragin, C. C. (1987). The comparative method: moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London, University of California Press.
Ragin, C. C. (1991). Issues and alternatives in comparative social research. Leiden, The Netherlands; New York, E.J. Brill.
Ragin, C. C. (1994). Constructing social research: the unity and diversity of method. Thousand Oaks, CA; London, Pine Forge Press Sage.
Ragin, C. C. (1997). "Turning the Tables: how case-oriented methods challenge variable oriented methods." Comparative Social Research 16: 27-42.
Ragin, C. C. (2000). Fuzzy-set social science. Chicago; London, University of Chicago Press.
Ragin, C. C. and H. S. Becker, Eds. (1992). What is a case? exploring the foundations of social inquir. Cambridge [England]; New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press.

Video of a talk on QCA and fuzzy sets by Benoît Rihoux, Université catholique de Louvain (about 1 hr 20 mins with slides).

Web links www.compasss.org

Focusing on the Case in Quantitative and Qualitative Research This website introduces an approach to social science data analysis for both qualitative and quantitative data, where the focus of the analysis is the ‘case' and the key analytical tool is comparison. The case may be a person, an organisation or a community. The site tackles methodological questions and provides a practical introduction to the use of computer software to assist in comparative analysis.

Applications of QCA:

Berg-Schlosser, D. (1998). "Conditions of Authoritarianism, Fascism and Democracy in Inter-War Europe - A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 39(4): 335-377.
Kvist, J. (1999). "Welfare Reform in the Nordic Countries in the 1990s: Using Fuzzy-Set Theory to Assess Conformity to Ideal-Types." Journal of European Social Policy 9(3): 231-252.
Levi-Faur (2002). Comparative Research Designs in the Study of Regulation: How to Increase the Number of Cases Without Compromising the Strengths of Case-Oriented Analysis. The Politics of Regulation. J. Jacint and D. Levi-Faur. London, Elgar.
Rantala, K. a. H., Eeva. (2001). "Qualitative Comparative Analysis - a Hermeneutic Approach to Interview Data." International Journal of Social Research Methodology 4(2): 87-100.
Snow, D. and D. Cress (2000). "The Outcome of Homeless Mobilization: the Influence of Organization, Disruption, Political Mediation, and Framing." American Journal of Sociology 105(4): 1063-1104.

Qualitative methods

Miller, R.L. and Brewer, J. D. (2003) The A-Z of Social Research - A Dictionary of Key Social Science Research Concepts, Sage Publications, London.

Most of the following books have useful chapters on Qualitative Analysis.

Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J., & Lofland, L. (2001) Handbook of Ethnograpy. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage.

Bauer, M. W. and Gaskell, G. (Eds) (2000) Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound. London: Sage.

Becker, H. S. (1998) Tricks of the Trade: How to think about your Research while You’re Doing it. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bogdan, R and Biklen, S K (1992) Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods Allyn & Bacon, Boston

Brewer, J.D. (2000) Ethnography. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Burgess, R. G. (1982). Field Research: A Sourcebook and Field Manual. London: Routledge.

Burgess, R. G. (1984). In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London: Routledge.

Cassell, B. & Symon, G. (Eds.) (1998) Qualitative Methods and Analysis in Organizational Research. London: Sage.

Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (1992). Doing qualitative research: Sage, Newbury Park, CA. and London.

Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. London, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications.

Deacon, D. Bryman,A. Fenton, N. (1998). 'Collision or Collusion? A discussion and case study of the unplanned triangulation of quantitative and qualitative research methods' International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory and Practice Vol 1 No 1 Social Research Association.

Denzin, N K and Lincoln, Y S (Eds.) (1994) Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage.

Denzin, N K and Lincoln, Y S (Eds.) (1998) The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theory and Issues. London: Sage. Part of Handbook of Qualitative Research (1994) in paperback.

Denzin, N K and Lincoln, Y S (Eds.) (1998) Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. London: Sage. Part of Handbook of Qualitative Research (1994) in paperback.

Ely , M (1991) Doing qualitative research - circles within circles. London New York: Falmer Press.

Flick, Uwe (1998) An Introduction to Qualitative Research. London: Sage

Glesne, C and Peshkin, A (1992) Becoming a qualitative researcher: An introduction, New York: Longman.

Grbich, C (1999) Qualitative research in health - an introduction. London: Sage.

Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2002) Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method. Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage.

Hammersley, M (1992) What’s wrong with ethnography? London: Routledge.

Holloway, I. (1997). Basic concepts for qualitative research: Blackwell Science, Oxford, Malden MA.

Holloway, I and Wheeler, S (1996) Qualitative research for nurses. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

Janesick, V. J. (1998). Stretching Exercises for Qualitative Researchers. London: Sage.

Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. London: Sage.

Layder, D. (1993). New Strategies in Social Research. Oxford: Polity Press.

LeCompte, M D and Preissle, J with Tesch, R (1993) Ethnography and qualitative design in educational research, New York: Academic Press.

Lee, R.M. (2000) Unobtrusive Measures in Social Research. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Lofland, J and Lofland, L H (1995) Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Mach, S ft. & Gates, M.F. (1999) The researcher experience in qualitative researh. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1995). Designing Qualitative Research. London: Sage.

Mason, J. (1996). Qualitative researching. London: Sage.

May, T. (Ed.) (2002) Qualitative Research in Action. London: Sage.

Maykut, P. and Morehouse, R. (1994) Beginning the Qualitative Research: A philosophic and practical guide. London: Routledge/Falmer.

Mays, N and Pope, C (Eds.) (1996) Qualitative research in health care. London: BMJ.

Mcleod, J. (2001) Qualitative Research in Counselling and Psychotherapy, Sage Publications, London.

McCracken, G (1988) The Long Interview. London: Sage.

Morse, J. M. (Ed.) (1994) Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Morse, J. M. (1997). Completing a Qualitative Project: Details and Dialogue. London: Sage.

Morse, J, Swanson, J., & Kuzel, A. (Eds.). (2001). The nature of evidence in qualitative inquiry. London: Sage.

Morse, J., & Richards, L. (2002). Read me flrct for a user guide to qualitative methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Murphy, E, Dingwall, R, Greatbatch, D, Parker, S and Watson, P (1998) “Qualitative research methods in health technology assessment: a review of the literature”. Health Technology Assessment 1998 2(16)

Neuman (1994). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches: Allyn and Bacon.

Patton, M. Q. (1980). Qualitative research methods: Beverly Hills: Sage.

Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Newbury Park, London: Sage.

Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. 3rd Ed Newbury Park, London: Sage.

Ragin, C. C. (1987). The Comparative method: Moving beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Richards, L. (2005) Handling Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide, Sage Publications, London.

Richardson, J. T. E. (1996). Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods for Psychology and the Social Sciences. Leicester, UK: BPS Books.

Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. (2003). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (1995). Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. London: Sage.

Schwandt, T. A. (1997). Qualitative Inquiry: A Dictionary of Terms. London: Sage.

Seale, C. F., Gobo, G., Gubrium, J. F., & Silverman, D. (2003) Qualitative Research Practice. London: Sage.

Sherman, R R and Webb, R B (Eds.) (1988) Qualitative research in education - focus and methods. London: Falmer.

Silverman, D. (1997). Qualitative research: theory, method and practice. London: Sage Publications.

Silverman, D (2004) Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook. 2nd Ed. London: Sage.

Spradley, J. P. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Travers, M. (2001). Qualitative research through case studies. London: Sage.

Willig, C. (2001) Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology: Adventures in Theory and Method. Buckingham, Open University Press.

Qualitative analysis

Altheide, D L (1996) Qualitative Media Analysis Sage, Newbury Park, London

Ball, M S and Smith, G W H (1992) Analyzing Visual Data, Newbury Park, London: Sage.

Boyatzis , R E (1998) Transforming qualitative information - thematic analysis and code development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Bryman, A. (1988). Quantity and Quality in Social Research. London: Unwin Hyman/Routledge.

Bryman, A and Burgess, R (Eds.) (1994) Analysing Qualitative Data, London: Routledge.

Coffey, A., and Atkinson P. (1996). Making sense of Qualitative Data Analysis: Complementary Research Strategies. London, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.

Crabtree, B F and Miller, W L (Eds.) (1992) Doing qualitative research. Newbury Park, London: Sage.

Denzin, N K and Lincoln, Y S (Eds.) (1998) Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials. London: Sage. Part of Handbook of Qualitative Research (1994) in paperback.

Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative data analysis: a user-friendly guide for social scientists. London, New York, NY: Routledge.

Ezzy, D. (2002). Qualitative Analysis. Practice and Innovation. London: Routledge.

Feldman, M. S. (1994). Strategies for Interpreting Qualitative Data. Newbury Park, London: Sage.

Fielding, N. G., & Fielding, J. (1986). Linking Data. London: Sage.

Gibbs, G R (2002) Qualitative Data Analysis: Explorations with NVivo. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Gibbs, G.R. (2007) Analyzing qualitative data. London: Sage. Part of the Qualitative Research Kit, ed. U. Flick.

Golden-Biddle, K. (1997). Composing Qualitative Research: Crafting Theoretical Points from Qualitative Research. London: Sage.

Gubrium, J. F., Holstein, J. A., & Harrison, B. (1998). The new language of qualitative method.

Hayes, N. (ed.) (1997). Doing Qualitative Analysis in Psychology. Hove: Psychology Press.

Langdridge, D. (2004). Research Methods and Data Analysis in Psychology. Vol. trans. Harlow: Pearson Education.

Lofland, J., & Lofland, L. H. (1995). Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. 3rd Ed., Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: a sourcebook of new methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Muhr, T (2000) ' Increasing the Reusability of Qualitative Data with XML '
Qualitative Sozialforschung [Forum Qualitative Social Research] Volume 1, No. 3 - December 2000

Richards, L. (2005) Handling Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide, London, Sage.

Ritchie, J., & Lewis, J. (2003) Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. London: Sage.

Silverman, D. (1993). Interpreting Qualitative Data. Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction. London: Sage.

Smith, J. A. (1995). Semi-structured interview and qualitative analysis. In J. A. Smith, R. Harre & L. Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking Methods in Psychology (pp. 9-26). London: Sage.

Smith, J. A. (2003) Qualitative Psychology: A practical guide to research methods. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage.

Tesch, R. (1990). Qualitative research - analysis types and software tools. London: Falmer.

Wolcott, H. F. (1994). Transforming Qualitative Data: Description, Analysis, and Interpretation. London: Sage.

Starting points

Qual Page. Resources for Qualitative Research http://www.qualitativeresearch.uga.edu/QualPage/index.html

Good introduction

Miller, R.L. and Brewer, J. D. (2003) The A-Z of Social Research - A Dictionary of Key Social Science Research Concepts, Sage Publications, London.

Good introduction to methodologies and how to do them.

http://www.sosig.ac.uk/roads/subject-listing/World-cat/qualmeth.html

Social Science Information Gateway (2005) Qualitative Methods.
Available online at: http://www.sosig.ac.uk/roads/subject-listing/World-cat/qualmeth.html

Trochim, W.M. (2002) Research Methods Knowledge Base
Available online at: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/index.htm

Kerlins, B (2004) The Qualitative Research Site.
Available online at: http://kerlins.net/bobbi/research/qualresearch/

Qualitative Methods Workbook
Professor George Boeree, of the Psychology Department, Shippensburg University, Pennsylvania, has produced this ' "e-text"...for the college course Qualitative Research Methods'. It consists of 20 short chapters and a bibliography divided into 5 parts (introduction & description, structural analysis, observation, interviewing, other techniques). Although the site breaks the rules of good Web design by presenting screen after screen of unrelieved text, the content itself is enriched by a mass of case studies and examples. At the end of the text, there are several links to related sites, and some further 'phenomenological sketches'.
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/qualmeth.htm

The Association for Qualitative Research
The journal has back issues freely available online and there are some software and many book reviews available via the journal-links.
http://www.latrobe.edu.au/aqr/

Field Methods
(Formerly Cultural Anthropology Methods), Editor: H. Russell Bernard University of Florida
http://qualquant.net/FM/index.htm

For scholars, students and professionals who do fieldwork
• Important refereed articles
• Descriptions of methological advances
• Advice on the use of specific field techniques
• Help with both qualitative and quantitative methods
• Essays and think pieces
• Book and software reviews -- all the tools necessary for those who conduct fieldwork

Field Methods, a refereed journal, publishes articles on methods for studying human thought and human behaviour. Research articles show the development of new methods and new technologies or new uses for existing methods. The Short Takes section contains articles with handy tips for working in the field. Field Methods also publishes reviews of books and software, and think pieces addressing key theoretical issues. It embraces both qualitative and quantitative methods in scientific and interpretive paradigms and the journal operates under the motto "methods belong to all of us."

Qualitative Research
http://www.sagepub.com/journal.aspx?pid=280

Editors: Paul Atkinson, Sara Delamont, Cardiff University, UK

Qualitative Research provides a forum for the discussion of research methods, in particular qualitative research, across the social sciences and cultural studies. The journal features papers with a methodological focus, discussed in relation to specific empirical studies and research problems and papers raising philosophical, theoretical, historical or ideological debates about qualitative research.

Research based on qualitative methods, and methodological commentary on such research, have expanded exponentially in the past decades. This is the case across a number of disciplines including sociology, social anthropology, health and nursing, education, cultural studies, human geography, social and discursive psychology, and discourse studies. As the degree of internet in qualitative research is global, the scope of the journal is international as well as interdisciplinary, capitalizing on the current popularity of qualitative research methods across all of the social and cultural disciplines.

Sociological Research Online
http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/socresonline/
This online journal has published several articles on qualitative methods, including some key ones on CAQDAS. These include:

Barry, C. A. (1998). Choosing Qualitative Data Analysis Software: Atlas.ti and Nudist Compared. Sociological Research Online, 3. http://www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/3/3/4.html

Coffey, A, Holbrook, B and Atkinson, P. (1996) “Qualitative data analysis: technologies and representations”. Sociological Research Online, 1(1). http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/socresonline/1/1/4.html

Kelle, U. (1997) “Theory building in Qualitative Research and Computer Programs for the Management of Textual Data”. Sociological Research Online, 2(2). http://www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/2/2/1.html

Lee, R. M., & Fielding, N. (1996). Qualitative Data Analysis: Representations of a Technology: A Comment on Coffey, Holbrook and Atkinson. Sociological Research Online, 1(4). http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/socresonline/1/4/lf.html

MacMillan, K and McLachlan, S. (1999) “Theory-Building with NUD.IST: Using Computer Assisted Qualitative Analysis in a Media Case Study”. Sociological Research Online, 4(2), http://www.socresonline.org.uk/4/2/macmillan_mclachlan.html

Forum: Qualitative Sozialforschung/Social Research
http://qualitative-research.net/fqs/fqs-eng.htm
This German, English, Spanish online journal has themed editions and also publishes individual papers on qualitative methods.

Relevant recent articles include:

Crawford, H K, Leybourne, M L and Arnott, A. (2000) “How we Ensured Rigour from a Multi-site, Multi-discipline, Multi-researcher Study”. Forum: Qualitative Sozialforschung/Social Research, 1(1), http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/1-00/1-00crawfordetal-e.htm

Moes, J. (2000) “From Text- to Hypertext-analysis: Consequences for Qualitative Research”. Forum: Qualitative Sozialforschung/Social Research, 1(1), http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/1-00/1-00moes-e.htm

Qualitative Inquiry
http://www.sagepub.com/journal.aspx?pid=54

International Journal of Social Research Methodology
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/13645579.asp

Qualitative Health Research
http://www.ualberta.ca/~qhr/

Qualitative Discussion Forums

QUALRS-L is both an e-mail discussion list and a member of the Usenet newsgroup community. Discussions involve all facets of qualitative research.
http://listserv.uga.edu/archives/qualrs-l.html

Quality of qualitative research

Altheide, D L and Johnson, J M (1994) “Criteria for assessing interpretive validity in qualitative research” in N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln (eds.) (1994) Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 485-99.

Armstrong, D., & al., e. (1997). The place of inter-rater reliability in qualitative research: An empirical study. Sociology, 31 (3), 597-606.

Bloor, M. (1978) On the analysis of observational data: a discussion of the worth and uses of inductive techniques and respondent validation. Sociology, 12 (3) 545-57.

Bloor, M. (1997) Techniques of validation in qualitative research: A critical commentary, in Miller, G. and Dingwall, R. (Eds.), Context and Method in Qualitative Research. London: Sage. pp. 37-50.

Bourdon, S. (2000) Inter-Coder Reliability Verification Using QSR NUD*IST – a paper delivered at the Strategies In Qualitative Research conference in September 2000 at the Institute of Education, London.
Available online at: http://www.qsrinternational.com/resources/pdfs/BourdonIntercoder.pdf

Flick, U. (1992). Triangulation revisited: Strategy of or alternative to validation of qualitative data. Journal of Theory of Social Behavior, 22, 175-197.

Hammersley, M. (1992) What’s wrong with ethnography? London: Routledge. See chapter 5, The Generalisability of Ethnography.

Johnson, R.B. (1997). Examining the validity structure of qualitative research. Education, Vol.118 (2), 282-292.

Kirk, J and Miller, M (1986) Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research, Newbury Park: Sage.

Kvale, S (1989) Issues of Validity in Qualitative Research, Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Maxwell, J. A. (1992). Understanding and Validity in Qualitative Research. Harvard Educational Review, 62(3), 279-300.

Morse, J M. (1997) ''Perfectly healthy, but dead''- The myth of inter-rater reliability. Qualitative Health Research, 7(4), pp. 445-447.

Morse, J M. (1999) Qualitative generalizability. Qualitative Health Research, 9(1), pp. 5-6.

Peck, E and Seeker, E. (1999) “Quality criteria for qualitative research- Does context make a difference?”. Qualitative Health Research, 9(4), pp. 552-558.

Seale, C. (1999). The Quality of Qualitative Research. London: Sage.

Spencer, L. Ritchie, J. Lewis, J. and Dillon, L. (National Centre for Social Research) (2003) Quality in Qualitative Evaluation: A framework for assessing research evidence.
London: Government Chief Social Researcher’s Office, The Cabinet Office. http://www.strategy.gov.uk/downloads/su/qual/index.htm

Murphy, E. Dingwall, R. Greatbatch, D. Parker, S. and Watson, P (1998) Qualitative research methods in health technology assessment: a review of the literature. Health Technology Assessment. 2 (16)
Available online as a PDF at: http://www.hta.nhsweb.nhs.uk/fullmono/mon216.pdf

R

Research Diary

Hughes, I. (1996) How to keep a research diary, Action Research Electronic Reader.
Available online at: http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arr/arow/rdiary.html

Research Methods

Project GOLD (2000) Research Methods Glossary.
Available online at: http://www.bath.ac.uk/e-learning/gold/glossary.html#glossary

Stephenson, M.S. (2004) RESEARCH METHODS RESOURCES ON THE WWW
Available online at: http://www.slais.ubc.ca/resources/research_methods/index.htm

S

Software

Alexa, M. and Zuell, C. (1999) A review of text analysis software. ZUMA Nachrichten Spezial 5. ZUMA: Mannheim.
Available online at: http://www.gesis.org/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/ZUMA_Nachrichten_spezial/index.htm#zn-5

Barry, C. A. (1998). Choosing Qualitative Data Analysis Software: Atlas/ti and Nudist Compared. Sociological Research Online, 3.

Bazeley, P. (2007) Qualitative Data Analysis with NVivo. London: Sage. Covers NVivo version 7.

Bazeley, P & Richards L. (2000) The NVivo Qualtitative Project Book. London: Sage.

Burgess, R G (1995) Computing and qualitative research, Greenwich: JAI Press.

Coffey, A. and Atkinson, P (1996) Making sense of qualitative data: complementary research strategies, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.

Fielding, N. (1994). “Getting into computer-aided qualitative data analysis”. ESRC Data Archive Bulletin, 57.

Fielding, N and Lee, R (1997) 'Applications of computer software in the sociological analysis of qualitative data', Bulletin de Methodologie Sociologue, 57, 3-24.

Fielding, N., & Lee, R. M. (1991). Using computers in qualitative research. Newbury Park, London: Sage.

Fielding, N., & Lee, R. M. (1995). “The Hypertext facility in qualitative analysis software”. ESRC Data Archive Bulletin.

Fielding, N. G., & Lee, R. L. (1998). Computer Analysis and Qualitative Research. London: Sage.

Fischer, M. D. (1994). Applications in computing for social anthropologists. London: Routledge.

Fisher, M (1997) Qualitative Computing: Using software for Qualitative Data Analysis. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Friese, Susanne, Gibbs, Graham, and Mangabeira, Wilma C. (Eds) Using Technology in the Qualitative Research Process. Forum of Qualitative Social Research, 3 (2) May 2002.
On-line Journal: http:/www.qualitative-research.net

Gahan, C and Hannibal, M (1997) Doing Qualitative Research using QSR NUD.IST, London: Sage.

Gibbs, G R (2002) Qualitative Data Analysis: Explorations with NVivo. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Gibbs, G.R. (2007) Analyzing qualitative data. London: Sage. Part of the Qualitative Research Kit, ed. U. Flick. The last three chapters cover software use, focussing on Atlas.ti, NVivo and MaxQDA.

Greenstein, D (1994) A historian's guide to computing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hesse-Beiber S, Dupuis P & Kinder S (1991) 'HyperRESEARCH: a computer program for the analysis of Qualitative Data with an emphasis on Hypothesis testing and multimedia analysis' Qualitative Sociology 14 4:289-306

Hesse-Beiber S & Dupuis P (2000) 'Testing Hypotheses on Qualitative Data: The use of HyperRESEARCH Computer-Assisted Software', Social Science Computer Review 18(3) 320-328

Hong, L. (1984) 'List processing free responses: analysis of open-ended questions with word processors' Qualitative Sociology, 7(1,2) 98-109

Kelle, Udo (1997) "Computer Assisted Analysis of Qualitative Data". Paper prepared for the Discussion paper series of the LSE Methodology Institute

Kelle, U. (1995). Computer-aided qualitative data analysis: theory, methods and practice: Sage Publications, London.

Kelle, U. (1997a). Capabilities for Theory Building & Hypothesis Testing in Software for Computer Aided Qualitative Data Analysis. Data Archive Bulletin, 65.

Kerlins, B (2004) Research Software.
Available online at: http://kerlins.net/bobbi/research/qualresearch/researchware.html

Klein, H (2005) Text Analysis Info: QDA Software.
Available online at: http://www.textanalysis.info/qualitative.htm

König, T., CAQDAS - A primer
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/mmethods/research/software/caqdas_primer.html#what

Kuckartz, U (2001) An Introduction to the computer analysis of qualitative data, Sage

La Pelle N (2004) 'Simplifying Qualitative Data Analysis using general purpose software tools', Field Methods 16(1) 85-108

Lewins A (2001) CAQDAS: Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis In: (ed) N. Gilbert Researching Social Life (2nd ed), Sage London

Ann Lewins & Christina Silver (2007) Using Software in Qualitative Research: A Step-by-Step Guide, Sage Publications, London. Contains step-by-step guides for NVivo 7, Atlas.ti v 5.5 and MAXQDA 2007.

MacMillan K & Koenig T (2004) The wow factor: preconceptions and expectations for data analysis software in qualitative research, Social Science Computer Review 22(2) 179-186

Mangabeira, W. C., Lee, R. and Fielding, N. Computers and Qualitative Research: Adoption, Use and Representation. Social Science Computer Review. 22 (2) Forthcoming, 2004.

Mangabeira, Wilma C. Qualitative Sociology and Computer Programs. Trend Report. Current Sociology. Editor and contributor. International Sociological Association and Sage Publications: London. 1996.

Muhr, T. (1991) Atlas-ti - A protoype for the support of text interpretation. Qualitative Sociology, 14(4), pp. 349-71.

Northey Jr, W F. (1997) Using QSR NUD*IST to Demonstrate Confirmability in Qualitative Research. Family Science Review, 10( 2), pp. 170-179.

Padilla, R. (1991) Using Computers to Develop Conceptual Models. Qualitative Sociology, 14(3), pp. 263-74.

Pfaffenberger, B. (1988). Microcomputer applications in qualitative research: Sage.

Reid, A O (1992) Computer Management Strategies for Text Data, in B. F. Crabtree and W. L. Miller (Eds.) (1992) Doing Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp.

Richards, L (1995) Transition Work! Reflections on a three-year NUD*IST project, in R. G. Burgess (Ed.) (1995) Computing and Qualitative Research. (Vol. 5). Greenwich: Jai Press, Inc, pp. 105-140.

Richards, L. (1997) User's mistake as developer's challenge- Designing the new NUD*IST. Qualitative Health Research, 7(3), pp. 425-433.

Richards, L. (1998) Closeness to data- The changing goals of qualitative data handling. Qualitative Health Research, 8(3), pp. 319-328.

Richards, L (1999) Data alive! The thinking behind NVivo, Qualitative Health Research, Vol.9, 3, pp. 412-428.

Richards, L and Richards, T (1994) From Filing Cabinet to Computer, in A. Bryman and R. G. Burgess (Eds.) (1994) Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge, pp. 146-172.

Richards, T and Richards, L (1994) Using computers in qualitative analysis. In: Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds.) (1994) Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. p. 448

Richards, T and Richards, L (1995) Using Hierarchical Categories in Qualitative Data Analysis, In: U. Kelle (Ed.) (1995) Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Sage, pp.

Rodgers, B. (1995) Nud.ist Software for Qualitative Data Analysis, Management Learning, Vol 26, No.3, pp.367-370.

Rodgers B (1998) Teaching computer-assisted qualitative data analysis to new users: NUD*IST demonstrations and workshops, Health Informatics Journal 4, 63-71.

Ryan G (2004) Using a word processor to tag and retrieve blocks of text, Field Methods 16(1) 109-130.

Seale, C F (1999) Using computers to analyse qualitative data, in D. Silverman (Ed.) (1999) Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook. London: Sage, pp.

Weaver, A., & Atkinson, P. (1994). Microcomputing and qualitative data analysis. Aldershot: Avebury.

Weitzman, E.A., & Miles, M.B. (1995). Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis: A Software Source Book. Thousand Oaks: Sage

Choosing a package

Fielding, N. (1995). Choosing the Right Software Package. ESRC Data Archive Bulletin.

Friese, S. (2004) Software Overview
Available online as a PDF at: http://www.quarc.de/software_overview_table.pdf
A very useful table comparing 6 software packages, updated in 2004.

Lewins, A. and Silver, C. (2004) Choosing a CAQDAS Package - A working paper by Ann Lewins & Christina Silver
Available online as a PDF at: http://caqdas.soc.surrey.ac.uk/Choosing%20a%20CAQDAS%20package%20-%20Lewins&Silver.pdf

König, T., CAQDAS Comparison / Methodological Affinities
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/mmethods/research/software/caqdas_comparison_method
.html

Lewis B (2004) NVivo 2.0 and Atlas.ti 5.0: A Comparative Review of Two Popular Qualitative Data-Analysis Programs, Field Methods, 16 (4) pp. 439-469.

Marshall, H. (2002) Horses for courses: Facilitating postgraduate students' choice of Computer assisted Qualitative data analysis Systems (CAQDAS), Contemporary Nurse, 13:1, August, pp 29-37.
Available online at: http://www.contemporarynurse.com/13.1/13-1p29.htm

Text Analysis Info - Information retrieval software
http://www.textanalysis.info/inforet.htm

Quantitative Text Analysis Programs
http://academic.csuohio.edu/kneuendorf/content/cpuca/qtap.htm

Inter-coder Reliability

Literature review in CAQDAS

di Gregorio, S. (2000) Using NVivo for your Literature Review. Papar presented at: Strategies in Qualitative Research: Issues and Results from Analysis using QSR NVivo and Nud*ist, conference at the Institute of Education, London - 29-30 Sepetember.
Available online as a PDF at:
http://www.sdgassociates.com/mainframe.html

Hansen, J.J. (1999) Using qualitative computer analysis to inform your literature search when the literature is only vaguely relevant - A case study on the training needs of school governors. Paper Presented At Inaugural Conference Of Association For Qualitative Research, Melbourne, July 14 – 17.
Available online at: http://www.qsrinternational.com/resources/pdfs/JHansen.pdf

Software developers

See also the pages on the software available to support QDA. (What packages are available?)

AnnoTape
http://www.annotape.com/

Atlas.ti
http://www.atlasti.de/

MAXqda
http://www.maxqda.com/maxqda-eng/index.htm

N6 and NVivo
http://www.qsrinternational.com/

QDA Miner
http://www.simstat.com/QDAMiner.htm

Qualrus
http://www.ideaworks.com/Qualrus.shtml

Transana
http://www2.wcer.wisc.edu/Transana

Software discussion forums

Atlas.ti email list provides peer-to-peer support: to exchange experiences with the tool, discuss technical and methodological issues that arise with the use of the program.
http://www.listserv.dfn.de/archives/atlas-ti.html

hyperres-l is an email list devoted to discussions of the use of HyperRESEARCH in qualitative data analysis. ResearchWare, Inc. staff also monitor the list to answer any technical support and similar questions.
http://www.researchware.com/resources/resources.html#lists

MAXqda web based forum.
http://www.maxqda.com/maxqda-eng/5_english.htm

Q-Forum is a Qualrus user forum. Idea Works staff monitor the forum and do their best to answer all technical questions, but the primary purpose is to have a meeting place for Qualrus users to exchange ideas, share their research interests, and provide tips.
http://www.ideaworks.com/forum.shtml

The QSR Forum allows visitors to access a wealth of information - from the latest thinking in qualitative research, to innovations in QSR software (NVivo, N6 and XSight) and its use.
It brings together qualitative researchers and users of QSR software products from around the world, including commentators, developers, distributors and teachers.
http://forums.qsrinternational.com/

Qual-Software is an academic discusssion list to provide an on-line forum for debate and information concerning the general usage of qualitative data analysis software packages. http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/qual-software.html

Transana discussion board for talking about ideas and issues related to the use of Transana,
http://transana.wceruw.org/forum/

Symbolic interactionism

SSSI - Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction. (Also contains some participatory research/ethnography information).

T

Teamwork

Barry, C. A., Britten, N., Barber, N., Bradley, C., & Stevenson, F. (1999) Using Relexivity to Optimize Teamwork in Qualitative Research, Qualitative Health Research, Vol.9, 1, pp. 26-44.

Bartunek, J M and Louis, M R (1996) Insider/Outsider Team Research. London: Sage.

Burgess, R, Pole, C J, Evans, K and Priestley, C (1994) “Four studies from one or one study from four? Multi-site case study research”, in A. Bryman and R. Burgess (Eds.) (1994) Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge, pp. 129-145.

Comments: Useful for how different case studies of different teaching environments feed into to each other to enable a whole thematic cross case analysis. Mostly detail about selecting the sample and the findings, nothing about the practicalities of working as a team.

Erickson, K and Stull, D (1997) Doing Team Ethnography : Warnings and Advice. London: Sage.

Ford, K. Oberski, I. and Higgins, S. (2000) Computer-Aided Qualitative Analysis of Interview Data: Some Recommendations for Collaborative Working, The Qualitative Report, Volume 4, Numbers 3 & 4, March.
Available online at: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR4-3/oberski.html

Gilbert, L & di Gregorio S (2004) Team Research with QDA Software: Promises and Pitfalls, Fifth International Strategies in Qualitative Research Conference, University of Durham, Durah, England, 1-3 September.
Available online at: http://www.dur.ac.uk/strategies.conference/index_new_files/PPS-Gilbert%20Gregorio.ppt

Liggett, A.M., Glesne, C.E., Johnston, A.P., Hasazi, S.B. & Schattman, R.A. (1994) Teaming in qualitative research: lessons learned. Qualitative Studies in Education , Vol 7 No. 1.

MacQueen, K.M., McLellan, E., Kay, K., Milstein, B. (1999). Codebook Development for Team-Based Qualitative Analysis. Cultural Anthropology Methods Vol. 10 (No.2) pp.31-36.

Martínez-Salgado, C. (1999) Unexpected Findings of a Female Team in Xochimilco, Mexico, Qualitative Health Research, Vol.9, 1, pp. 11-25.

Olesen, V, Droes, N, Hatton, D, Chico, N and Schatzman, L (1994) “Analyzing together: recollections of a team approach”, in A. Bryman and R. Burgess (Eds.) (1994) Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge, pp. 111-128.

Comments: Mostly detail about the methodological approach, very little about the practicalities of working as a team.

Richards, L (1999) Qualitative teamwork- Making it work, Qualitative Health Research, Vol.9, 1, pp. 7-10.

Tishelman, C., Forss, A., Sachs, L., Lundgren, E., Widmark, C., & Törnberg, S. (1999) Research on Risk and Risk in Research: Theoretical and Practical Experiences From Multidisciplinarey Study on Cervical Cancer Screening in Urban Sweden, Qualitative Health Research, Vol.9, 1, pp. 45-60.

Trip-Reimer, T., Sorofman, B., Peters, J., & Waterman.J. (1994). Research teams: Possibilities and pitfalls in collaborative qualitative research. In: J.M. Morse (Ed.), Critical issues in qualitative research methods (pp. 318-331). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Template Analysis

King, N (2004) Template analysis - What is Template Analysis?
Available on line at: http://www.hud.ac.uk/hhs/research/template_analysis/whatis.htm

King, N. (1998) Template Analysis, in G. Symon and C. Cassell (eds) Qualitative Methods and Analysis in Organizational Research. London: Sage. A very accessible template approach derived from a phenomenological and interpretivist position.

King, N (2004) Using templates in the thematic analysis of text, in C.Cassell and G.Symon (Eds.) Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. London: Sage.

Transcription

Anderson, J F (1998) “Transcribing with voice recognition software- A new tool for qualitative researchers” Qualitative Health Research, Vol.8, 5, pp. 718-723.

Bird, Cindy M. (2005) 'How I Stopped Dreading and Learned to Love Transcription', Qualitative Inquiry, Volume 11 Number 2, 226-248

Green, J., Franquiz, M., & Dixon, C. (1997). The myth of the objective transcript: Transcribing as a situated act. TESOL Quarterly, 31, 172-176.

Lapadat J & Lindsay A (1999) 'Transcription in Research and Practice : from standardisation of technique to interpretive positionings' Qualitative Inquiry 5(1) 64-86

Lewins A (1998) ' Transcribing Evaluation data ' in Harvey J. (Ed) Evaluation Cookbook Online , Learning Technology Dissemination Initiative, Herriot Watt Edinburgh.

Poland, B. (1995). Transcription quality as an aspect of rigor in qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 290-311.

Roberts, C. (1997). Transcribing talk: Issues of representation. TESOL Quarterly, 31, 167-171.

Stockdale, A. (2003) An Approach to Recording, Transcribing, and Preparing Audio Data for Qualitative Data Analysis Education Development Center, Inc.

Tilley, S. A. (2003a). “Challenging” research practices: Turning a critical lens on the work of transcription. Qualitative Inquiry, 9(5), 750-773.

Tilley, S. A. (2003b). Transcription work: Learning through co-participation in research practices. QSE: International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 16(5).

An introductory tutorial in Conversation Analysis by Charles Antaki contains a detailed example (with original video recording) of transcribing for conversation analysis.

For a short article in using voice recogniton software in transcription see: Julie Park, A. Echo Zeanah. An evaluation of voice recognition software for use in interview-based research: a research note . Qualitative Research, Volume 5, Number 2 (August 2005), pp. 245-251.

An article on undertaking transcription is, Cindy M. Bird
How I Stopped Dreading and Learned to Love Transcription
Qualitative Inquiry 2005 11: 226-248.

Transcription in CA

Atkinson, J. M., & Heritage, J. (1984).Transcript notation. In J. M. Atkinson & J. Heritage (Eds.), Structures of social action (pp. ix-xvi). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Edwards, J. A., & Lampert, M. D. (Eds.). (1993). Talking data: Transcription and coding in discourse research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Jefferson, G. (Ed.). (1992). Lectures on conversation (Vol. 1). Oxford,UK: Basil Blackwell.

Psathas, G. T., & Anderson, M. (1990). The “practices” of transcription in conversation analysis. Semiotica, 78, 75-99.

U

V

Video analysis

Morse, J. M., & Pooler, C. (2002). Analysis of videotaped data: Methodological considerations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(4). Article 3. Retrieved 4th Jan 2006 from http://www.ualberta.ca/~ijqm.

http://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/1_4Final/html/concepts5.html

Ratcliff, Don (n.d.) Video and Audio Media in Qualitative Research. Booklet available as pdf of each chapter. Chapter 6 covers transcription and analysis.

W

Writing

Hartley, J. (1989) 'Tools for evaluating text', in J. Hartley and A. Branthwaite (eds), The Applied Psychologist. Open University Press, Milton Keynes, England

Writing up

Barrass, R. (1978). Scientists Must Write: A Guide to Better Writing for Scientists and Engineers: Chapman and Hall.

Berry, R. (1986). How to Write a Research Paper: Pergamon.

Childress, H (1998) “Kinder Ethnographic Writing” Qualitative Inquiry, Vol.2, pp. 249-264.

Collinson, D (Ed.) (1992) Plain English (2 ed.): Open University Press. Intended for students. Covers spelling, punctuation, grammar. Includes lots of questions and exercises.

Cuba, L., & Cocking, J. (1997). How to write about the Social Sciences. London: Longman.

Day, R. A. (1989). How to write and publish a scientific paper. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press.

Ellis, C and Bochner, A P (1996) Composing Ethnography : Alternative Forms of Qualitative Writing, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Golden-Biddle, K (1997) Composing Qualitative Research: Crafting Theoretical Points from Qualitative Research. London: Sage.

Higgs, J. (ed.) (1998). Writing qualitative research. Sydney: Hampden Press. See e.g. chapter by McAllister, L. ‘What constitutes good qualitative research writing in theses and papers?’

Holliday, A. (2001) Doing and Writing Qualitative Research. London: Sage.

Richardson, Laurel. 1990. Writing Strategies : Reaching Diverse Audiences. Newbury Park, London: Sage.

Turabian, K. (1987). A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations: University of Chicago Press.

van Leunen, M.-C. (1978). A handbook for scholars: Knopf.

Wolcott, H. F. (1990). Writing up Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, London: Sage.

Woodwark, J. (1992). How to run a paper mill. Writing technical papers and getting them published. Winchester, England: Information Geometers.

NEW

Intro

Intro QDA

Intro CAQDAS

IT skills

Software guides

Advanced Guides

QDA case studies

List of resources

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Symbols

A

Action Research

Starting points

A beginner's guide to action research

Analytic Induction

Archiving qualitative data

Audio Recordings

B

Biographical Research

C

Case study, Structured approaches

Content Analysis

Conversation analysis

Starting points

Other materials

D

Datasets

Discourse Analysis

E

Ethics of research

Ethnography

Ethnomethodology

F

Field research

Frame analysis

Framework analysis

G

Grounded Theory

Books and papers

Videos

Websites

H

I

Internet and qualitative research

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)

J

K

L

Life History

M

Manual Qualitative Data Analysis methods

Memory work

Mixed methods

N

Narrative

Nud*ist

NVivo

O

Observational research

P

PhD

Phenomenography

Starting points

Phenomenology

Starting points

Philosophy

Q

QCA - Qualitative Comparative Analysis

Qualitative methods

Qualitative analysis

Starting points

Good introduction

Good introduction to methodologies and how to do them.

Qualitative Discussion Forums

Quality of qualitative research

R

Research Diary

Research Methods

S